摘要
电化学传感器因其高灵敏度、快速响应和低成本等优势，在环境监测领域具有重要应用价值，但其灵敏度仍受限于材料性能和界面设计等因素。为提升电化学传感器在实际环境监测中的检测能力，本研究系统探讨了基于纳米材料改性、信号放大策略及界面优化的综合灵敏度提升方法。通过引入功能化二维材料与导电聚合物复合结构，显著增强了电极表面的电子传输效率和活性位点数量，同时结合酶催化放大和分子识别技术，进一步提高了目标分析物的检测限。实验结果表明，优化后的传感器对重金属离子和有机污染物的检测灵敏度分别提升了约3倍和2.5倍，且具备良好的选择性和稳定性。此外，本研究提出了一种新型自修复界面设计，有效延长了传感器的使用寿命，降低了长期监测中的维护成本。该研究不仅为电化学传感器的性能改进提供了新思路，还为其在复杂环境条件下的实际应用奠定了理论和技术基础，展现出重要的科学意义和实用价值。
关键词：电化学传感器；纳米材料改性；信号放大策略；自修复界面；环境监测
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors, with advantages such as high sensitivity, rapid response, and low cost, play a significant role in environmental monitoring; however, their sensitivity is still limited by factors including material properties and interface design. To enhance the detection capability of electrochemical sensors in practical environmental monitoring, this study systematically investigates an integrated approach to improve sensitivity based on nanomaterial modification, signal amplification strategies, and interface optimization. By incorporating functionalized two-dimensional materials with conductive polymer composites, the electron transfer efficiency and the number of active sites on the electrode surface were significantly enhanced. Simultaneously, enzymatic catalytic amplification and molecular recognition technologies were combined to further reduce the detection limit for target analytes. Experimental results demonstrate that the detection sensitivity of the optimized sensor for heavy me tal ions and organic pollutants was increased approximately 3-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, with excellent selectivity and stability. Moreover, this study proposes a novel self-healing interface design, effectively extending the service life of the sensor and reducing maintenance costs during long-term monitoring. This research not only provides new insights into the performance improvement of electrochemical sensors but also establishes a theoretical and technical foundation for their practical application under complex environmental conditions, highlighting substantial scientific significance and practical value.
Keywords：Electrochemical Sensor; Nano Material Modification; Signal Amplification Strategy; Self-Healing Interface; Environmental Monitoring
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 电化学传感器与环境监测背景 1
(二) 灵敏度提升策略的研究现状 1
(三) 本文研究方法与技术路线 2
二、材料优化对灵敏度的影响 2
(一) 新型功能材料的开发与应用 2
(二) 纳米材料在电极中的作用机制 3
(三) 表面修饰技术对信号增强的作用 3
三、信号放大技术的改进策略 4
(一) 酶催化放大机制的研究 4
(二) 电化学发光信号增强方法 4
(三) 多重信号放大技术的整合 5
四、环境因素对灵敏度的调控 6
(一) 温度变化对检测性能的影响 6
(二) 干扰物质的消除与抗干扰设计 7
结 论 8
参考文献 9
