摘要
《中华人民共和国民法典》的颁布实施为我国民事法律体系的完善提供了重要契机，其中侵权责任编对侵权责任减免事由的规定在理论与实践中具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨民法典中侵权责任减免事由的适用范围与限制，以期为司法实践提供理论支持并推动相关制度的完善。通过对民法典侵权责任编及相关法律法规、司法解释的系统梳理，结合国内外学术研究成果，运用比较分析、实证研究等方法，深入剖析了免责事由和减责事由的具体内容及其适用条件。研究发现，民法典中的侵权责任减免事由涵盖不可抗力、正当防卫、紧急避险等情形，在适用过程中需严格遵循法定要件，不得随意扩大或缩小其适用范围。同时，对于受害人故意、第三人原因等特殊情形下的责任分担也进行了明确界定。本文创新性地提出应构建科学合理的判断标准，确保减免事由适用的公正性和准确性，并强调在具体案件处理中要充分考虑社会公共利益和个人权益保护之间的平衡，避免出现滥用减免事由损害受害者合法权益的情况，从而实现法律效果和社会效果的有机统一。
关键词：民法典；侵权责任减免事由；免责事由
Abstract
The promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China provide a significant opportunity for the improvement of China’s civil legal system. The provisions on grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability in the Tort Liability Section hold considerable importance both theoretically and practically. This paper aims to explore the scope and limitations of the application of grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability stipulated in the Civil Code, thereby offering theoretical support for judicial practice and promoting the perfection of relevant systems. By systematically reviewing the Tort Liability Section of the Civil Code along with related laws, regulations, and judicial interpretations, and drawing on domestic and international academic research findings, this study employs methods such as comparative analysis and empirical research to thoroughly examine the specific contents and conditions of application for exculpatory and mitigating circumstances. It is found that the grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability in the Civil Code encompass situations such as force majeure, justifiable defense, and emergency avoidance, which must strictly adhere to statutory requirements during application without arbitrary expansion or reduction of their scope. Meanwhile, clear definitions are provided for special circumstances like the intentional acts of victims and third-party causes concerning liability distribution. Innovatively, this paper proposes the establishment of scientific and reasonable criteria for judgment to ensure fairness and accuracy in the application of grounds for exemption or mitigation, emphasizing the need to fully consider the balance between social public interest and individual rights protection in case handling, thus preventing the abuse of these grounds that may harm the legitimate rights and interests of victims, achieving an organic unity of legal and social effects.
Keywords：Civil Code; Tort Liability Mitigation Reasons; Exemption Reasons
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法与创新点 2
二、侵权责任减免事由的理论基础 2
(一) 减免事由的基本概念界定 2
(二) 减免事由的法律渊源分析 3
(三) 减免事由的法理依据探讨 4
三、减免事由的具体适用范围 5
(一) 不可抗力的适用条件 5
(二) 受害人过错的认定标准 5
(三) 第三人原因的考量因素 6
四、减免事由的限制条件 7
(一) 法律规定的明确限制 7
(二) 公序良俗原则的约束 7
(三) 减免事由滥用的防范 8
结 论 10
参考文献 11
《中华人民共和国民法典》的颁布实施为我国民事法律体系的完善提供了重要契机，其中侵权责任编对侵权责任减免事由的规定在理论与实践中具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨民法典中侵权责任减免事由的适用范围与限制，以期为司法实践提供理论支持并推动相关制度的完善。通过对民法典侵权责任编及相关法律法规、司法解释的系统梳理，结合国内外学术研究成果，运用比较分析、实证研究等方法，深入剖析了免责事由和减责事由的具体内容及其适用条件。研究发现，民法典中的侵权责任减免事由涵盖不可抗力、正当防卫、紧急避险等情形，在适用过程中需严格遵循法定要件，不得随意扩大或缩小其适用范围。同时，对于受害人故意、第三人原因等特殊情形下的责任分担也进行了明确界定。本文创新性地提出应构建科学合理的判断标准，确保减免事由适用的公正性和准确性，并强调在具体案件处理中要充分考虑社会公共利益和个人权益保护之间的平衡，避免出现滥用减免事由损害受害者合法权益的情况，从而实现法律效果和社会效果的有机统一。
关键词：民法典；侵权责任减免事由；免责事由
Abstract
The promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China provide a significant opportunity for the improvement of China’s civil legal system. The provisions on grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability in the Tort Liability Section hold considerable importance both theoretically and practically. This paper aims to explore the scope and limitations of the application of grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability stipulated in the Civil Code, thereby offering theoretical support for judicial practice and promoting the perfection of relevant systems. By systematically reviewing the Tort Liability Section of the Civil Code along with related laws, regulations, and judicial interpretations, and drawing on domestic and international academic research findings, this study employs methods such as comparative analysis and empirical research to thoroughly examine the specific contents and conditions of application for exculpatory and mitigating circumstances. It is found that the grounds for exemption from or mitigation of tort liability in the Civil Code encompass situations such as force majeure, justifiable defense, and emergency avoidance, which must strictly adhere to statutory requirements during application without arbitrary expansion or reduction of their scope. Meanwhile, clear definitions are provided for special circumstances like the intentional acts of victims and third-party causes concerning liability distribution. Innovatively, this paper proposes the establishment of scientific and reasonable criteria for judgment to ensure fairness and accuracy in the application of grounds for exemption or mitigation, emphasizing the need to fully consider the balance between social public interest and individual rights protection in case handling, thus preventing the abuse of these grounds that may harm the legitimate rights and interests of victims, achieving an organic unity of legal and social effects.
Keywords：Civil Code; Tort Liability Mitigation Reasons; Exemption Reasons
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法与创新点 2
二、侵权责任减免事由的理论基础 2
(一) 减免事由的基本概念界定 2
(二) 减免事由的法律渊源分析 3
(三) 减免事由的法理依据探讨 4
三、减免事由的具体适用范围 5
(一) 不可抗力的适用条件 5
(二) 受害人过错的认定标准 5
(三) 第三人原因的考量因素 6
四、减免事由的限制条件 7
(一) 法律规定的明确限制 7
(二) 公序良俗原则的约束 7
(三) 减免事由滥用的防范 8
结 论 10
参考文献 11
