摘要
基本权利限制理论作为宪法学与法学领域的重要议题，随着现代社会复杂性的增加，国家治理对基本权利的干预日益频繁，亟需深入探讨其合理性。本文旨在分析基本权利限制理论的内在逻辑及其在现代法治框架下的正当性基础，通过规范分析与比较研究相结合的方法，系统梳理不同法系中关于基本权利限制的原则与实践。研究发现，基本权利限制必须遵循比例原则、法律保留原则以及明确性原则，这些原则共同构成了限制行为合法性的核心要素。通过对德国、美国等典型国家案例的剖析，揭示了不同文化背景下基本权利限制的具体适用方式及其差异。本文创新性地提出，在构建合理的限制机制时，应将公民参与和社会共识纳入考量范围，以确保限制措施既符合法治精神又体现民主价值。此外，文章强调基本权利限制应当保持动态平衡，既要适应社会发展需求，又要防止权力滥用，从而为我国相关立法提供有益借鉴，推动形成更加科学完善的基本权利保障体系。
关键词：基本权利限制；比例原则；法律保留原则；公民参与；动态平衡
Abstract
The theory of fundamental rights limitation, as a critical issue in constitutional and legal studies, has gained increasing significance due to the growing complexity of modern society and the more frequent state interventions in fundamental rights. This paper aims to analyze the internal logic of the theory of fundamental rights limitation and its legitimacy foundation within the fr amework of modern rule of law. By combining normative analysis with comparative research, it systematically examines the principles and practices of fundamental rights limitation across different legal systems. The study finds that limitations on fundamental rights must adhere to the principles of proportionality, legal reservation, and clarity, which together constitute the core elements of the legality of such limitations. Through an analysis of case studies from Germany, the United States, and other typical countries, the paper reveals the specific application methods and differences of fundamental rights limitations under various cultural backgrounds. Innovatively, this paper proposes that when constructing reasonable limitation mechanisms, citizen participation and social consensus should be incorporated into consideration to ensure that limitation measures align with the spirit of the rule of law and reflect democratic values. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes that fundamental rights limitations should maintain a dynamic balance, adapting to societal development needs while preventing abuse of power, thereby providing valuable references for related legislation in China and promoting the formation of a more scientifically sound and comprehensive system for safeguarding fundamental rights.
Keywords：Basic Rights Limitation; Proportionality Principle; Legal Reservation Principle; Citizen Participation; Dynamic Balance
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状 1
二、基本权利限制的理论基础 2
(一) 基本权利的本质属性 2
(二) 限制基本权利的正当性依据 2
(三) 基本权利限制的宪法原则 3
三、基本权利限制的合理性标准 4
(一) 比例原则的应用分析 4
(二) 法律保留原则的考量 4
(三) 公共利益衡量的标准 5
四、基本权利限制的具体实践 6
(一) 不同领域的限制案例 6
(二) 实践中的问题与挑战 6
(三) 完善限制机制的建议 7
结 论 9
参考文献 10
