摘要
情势变更原则作为民法典中应对合同履行过程中出现的重大变化而设立的重要制度，其适用条件与范围的明确界定对维护交易安全和实现公平正义具有重要意义。随着社会经济环境的快速变化，传统合同严守原则面临挑战，研究旨在深入探讨情势变更原则在现行法律框架下的具体适用规则。通过对国内外相关立法例及司法实践的比较分析，并结合我国国情特点，本文系统梳理了情势变更原则的构成要件，包括不可预见性、不属于商业风险、继续履行显失公平等核心要素。同时，文章明确了该原则适用的时间界限为合同成立后至履行完毕前，并详细阐述了其适用范围涵盖不可抗力之外的各类重大情势变动情形。研究发现，情势变更不仅适用于双务合同，还应扩展至单务合同特定情形，且需严格区分于不可抗力条款。本文创新性地提出了构建情势变更事前预防机制的建议，主张通过完善合同示范文本、强化缔约过程中的信息披露义务等措施，从源头上减少情势变更的发生概率，从而更好地平衡当事人利益，促进市场经济健康发展。此外，文章强调法官自由裁量权应在遵循法定程序基础上合理行使，确保个案正义与普遍规则相统一，为司法实践提供了有益参考。
关键词：情势变更原则；合同履行；不可预见性
Abstract
The principle of material adverse change, as an important institution established in the Civil Code to address significant changes that arise during the performance of contracts, plays a crucial role in maintaining transactional security and achieving fairness and justice. With the rapid transformation of socio-economic environments, the traditional principle of strict contract adherence faces challenges. This study aims to explore the specific application rules of the material adverse change principle within the current legal fr amework. By conducting a comparative analysis of relevant domestic and international legislation and judicial practices, and considering the characteristics of China’s national conditions, this paper systematically examines the constitutive elements of the material adverse change principle, including unforeseeability, exclusion from commercial risks, and manifest unfairness if performance continues. It also clarifies that the temporal boundary for applying this principle is from the formation of the contract until its completion, and elaborates on its scope, which encompasses various significant changes in circumstances beyond force majeure. The research finds that the principle of material adverse change applies not only to bilateral contracts but should also extend to specific scenarios of unilateral contracts, while being strictly distinguished from force majeure clauses. Innovatively, this paper proposes the establishment of preventive mechanisms for material adverse changes, advocating for the improvement of model contract texts and strengthening disclosure obligations during the contract formation process to reduce the probability of such changes occurring at the source, thereby better balancing the interests of the parties and promoting the healthy development of the market economy. Additionally, it emphasizes that judicial discretion should be exercised reasonably based on statutory procedures to ensure consistency between case-specific justice and general rules, providing valuable references for judicial practice.
Keywords：Principle Of Material Adverse Change; Contract Performance
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法与技术路线 2
二、情势变更原则的理论基础 2
(一) 情势变更原则的概念界定 2
(二) 情势变更原则的历史发展 3
(三) 情势变更原则的法理依据 4
三、情势变更原则的适用条件 4
(一) 适用情势变更的前提条件 5
(二) 情势变更的客观要件分析 5
(三) 情势变更的主观要件探讨 6
四、情势变更原则的范围界定 7
(一) 情势变更适用的合同类型 7
(二) 情势变更与其他制度的关系 7
(三) 情势变更的排除适用情形 8
结 论 10
参考文献 11
情势变更原则作为民法典中应对合同履行过程中出现的重大变化而设立的重要制度，其适用条件与范围的明确界定对维护交易安全和实现公平正义具有重要意义。随着社会经济环境的快速变化，传统合同严守原则面临挑战，研究旨在深入探讨情势变更原则在现行法律框架下的具体适用规则。通过对国内外相关立法例及司法实践的比较分析，并结合我国国情特点，本文系统梳理了情势变更原则的构成要件，包括不可预见性、不属于商业风险、继续履行显失公平等核心要素。同时，文章明确了该原则适用的时间界限为合同成立后至履行完毕前，并详细阐述了其适用范围涵盖不可抗力之外的各类重大情势变动情形。研究发现，情势变更不仅适用于双务合同，还应扩展至单务合同特定情形，且需严格区分于不可抗力条款。本文创新性地提出了构建情势变更事前预防机制的建议，主张通过完善合同示范文本、强化缔约过程中的信息披露义务等措施，从源头上减少情势变更的发生概率，从而更好地平衡当事人利益，促进市场经济健康发展。此外，文章强调法官自由裁量权应在遵循法定程序基础上合理行使，确保个案正义与普遍规则相统一，为司法实践提供了有益参考。
关键词：情势变更原则；合同履行；不可预见性
Abstract
The principle of material adverse change, as an important institution established in the Civil Code to address significant changes that arise during the performance of contracts, plays a crucial role in maintaining transactional security and achieving fairness and justice. With the rapid transformation of socio-economic environments, the traditional principle of strict contract adherence faces challenges. This study aims to explore the specific application rules of the material adverse change principle within the current legal fr amework. By conducting a comparative analysis of relevant domestic and international legislation and judicial practices, and considering the characteristics of China’s national conditions, this paper systematically examines the constitutive elements of the material adverse change principle, including unforeseeability, exclusion from commercial risks, and manifest unfairness if performance continues. It also clarifies that the temporal boundary for applying this principle is from the formation of the contract until its completion, and elaborates on its scope, which encompasses various significant changes in circumstances beyond force majeure. The research finds that the principle of material adverse change applies not only to bilateral contracts but should also extend to specific scenarios of unilateral contracts, while being strictly distinguished from force majeure clauses. Innovatively, this paper proposes the establishment of preventive mechanisms for material adverse changes, advocating for the improvement of model contract texts and strengthening disclosure obligations during the contract formation process to reduce the probability of such changes occurring at the source, thereby better balancing the interests of the parties and promoting the healthy development of the market economy. Additionally, it emphasizes that judicial discretion should be exercised reasonably based on statutory procedures to ensure consistency between case-specific justice and general rules, providing valuable references for judicial practice.
Keywords：Principle Of Material Adverse Change; Contract Performance
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法与技术路线 2
二、情势变更原则的理论基础 2
(一) 情势变更原则的概念界定 2
(二) 情势变更原则的历史发展 3
(三) 情势变更原则的法理依据 4
三、情势变更原则的适用条件 4
(一) 适用情势变更的前提条件 5
(二) 情势变更的客观要件分析 5
(三) 情势变更的主观要件探讨 6
四、情势变更原则的范围界定 7
(一) 情势变更适用的合同类型 7
(二) 情势变更与其他制度的关系 7
(三) 情势变更的排除适用情形 8
结 论 10
参考文献 11
