犯罪未遂与犯罪预备的区分界限研究 -法学专业

摘要

犯罪未遂与犯罪预备作为刑法中两种重要的犯罪形态，其区分界限在司法实践中存在诸多争议，准确界定二者对于正确定罪量刑具有重要意义。本研究旨在深入探讨犯罪未遂与犯罪预备的区分界限，以期为司法实践提供理论支持。通过对国内外相关文献的系统梳理，结合我国现行刑法规定及司法解释，并运用案例分析法对大量典型案件进行剖析，发现两者在行为发展阶段、危害程度以及主观意图方面存在显著差异。研究表明，犯罪预备处于犯罪准备阶段，行为人尚未着手实施具体犯罪行为，而犯罪未遂则已进入犯罪实行阶段，只是由于意志以外的原因未能得逞。创新之处在于构建了基于行为特征和主观要素相结合的综合判断模型，提出了从行为发展进程、工具准备情况、场所选择等多维度考量的新思路，弥补了传统单一标准的不足，为司法机关提供了更具操作性的判定依据，有助于实现罪责刑相适应原则，促进司法公正。

关键词：犯罪未遂；犯罪预备；区分界限；司法实践；综合判断模型

Abstract

The distinction between attempted crime and preparatory acts in criminal law is a subject of considerable controversy in judicial practice, and accurately delineating these two forms of criminal behavior is crucial for proper conviction and sentencing. This study aims to explore the boundaries between attempted crime and preparatory acts, providing theoretical support for judicial practice. By systematically reviewing relevant domestic and international literature, and combining China’s current criminal law provisions and judicial interpretations, this research employs case analysis to examine numerous typical cases. It finds significant differences between the two in terms of the stage of criminal conduct development, degree of harm, and subjective intent. The study reveals that preparatory acts occur during the preparatory phase where the perpetrator has not yet initiated specific criminal actions, whereas an attempted crime has entered the execution phase but failed due to reasons beyond the perpetrator's will. An innovative contribution of this research is the construction of a comprehensive judgment model that integrates behavioral characteristics and subjective elements. It proposes a new approach that considers multiple dimensions such as the progression of criminal conduct, preparation of tools, and selection of venues, addressing the limitations of traditional single-standard criteria. This provides judicial authorities with more operational grounds for determination, facilitating the principle of proportionality between guilt, responsibility, and punishment, thereby promoting judicial fairness.

Keywords：Attempted Crime; Preparatory Acts; Distinguishing Boundaries; Judicial Practice; Comprehensive Judgment Model

摘要 I

Abstract II

一、绪论 1

(一) 研究背景与意义 1

(二) 国内外研究现状综述 1

二、犯罪未遂与犯罪预备的概念界定 1

(一) 犯罪未遂的定义与特征 2

(二) 犯罪预备的定义与特征 2

(三) 两者概念的比较分析 3

三、犯罪未遂与犯罪预备的行为阶段区分 3

(一) 行为发展阶段的差异 4