农作物病虫害生物防治方法的开发与应用 -农学专业

摘要

随着全球人口增长和农业集约化发展，农作物病虫害问题日益严重，对农业生产安全和生态环境构成威胁。传统的化学农药防治方法虽然短期内效果显著，但长期使用易导致环境污染、害虫抗药性增强等问题。因此，寻求环保、可持续的病虫害防治策略成为农业科技发展的重要方向。生物防治作为一种利用生物资源控制害虫的方法，因其环境友好性和可持续性受到广泛关注。本文首先概述了农作物病虫害的分类、特征及其对农业生产的影响，明确了生物防治在减少化学农药使用、保护生态环境中的重要性。接着，探讨了生物防治的生态学基础，包括生态平衡与自然控制原理，以及天敌与害虫的相互作用机制。文章系统地介绍了生物防治的类型，如以虫治虫、以菌治虫和以鸟治虫等，并分析了各种生物防治技术的开发现状和应用潜力。在生物防治技术的开发方面，本文重点讨论了天敌昆虫的筛选与培育、微生物农药的研发、植物源性农药的提取与应用，以及多策略集成和精准生物防治的创新方法。

关键词：农作物病虫害；生物防治；生态学基础

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS FOR CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

ABSTRACT

With the growth of global population and the intensive development of agriculture, the problem of crop diseases and pests has become increasingly serious, posing a threat to agricultural production security and ecological environment. Although the traditional methods of chemical pesticide control are effective in the short term, long-term use is easy to cause environmental pollution and increase pest resistance. Therefore, seeking environmentally friendly and sustainable pest control strategies has become an important direction of agricultural science and technology development. Biological control, as a method of using biological resources to control pests, has attracted wide attention because of its environmental friendliness and sustainability. In this paper, the classification and characteristics of crop pests and diseases and their effects on agricultural production were summarized, and the importance of biological control in reducing the use of chemical pesticides and protecting ecological environment was clarified. Then, the ecological basis of biological control was discussed, including the principle of ecological balance and natural control, and the interaction mechanism between natural enemies and pests. This paper systematically introduces the types of biological control, such as insect control, bacteria control and bird control, and analyzes the development status and application potential of various biological control technologies. In terms of the development of biological control technology, this paper focuses on the screening and cultivation of natural enemy insects, the research and development of microbial pesticides, the extraction and application of plant-derived pesticides, and the innovative methods of multi-strategy integration and precision biological control.

KEY WORDS：Crop Diseases And Pests; Biological Control; Ecological Basis

摘要 I

ABSTRACT II

第1章引言 2

第2章农作物病虫害概述 3

2.1 农作物病虫害的分类与特征 3

2.1.1 害虫类型与习性 3

2.1.2 病害类型与传播途径 3

2.2 病虫害对农业生产的影响 3

2.2.1 产量损失 3

2.2.2 品质下降 3

第3章生物防治的基本原理 5