作物水分高效利用的生理生态机制及调控策略 -农学专业

摘要

作物水分高效利用是应对水资源短缺和提高农业生产力的关键。本研究基于生理生态学原理，系统探讨了作物水分利用效率的形成机制及调控策略，旨在为节水农业提供理论依据和技术支持。通过对不同作物种类在干旱胁迫下的生理响应进行分析，结合稳定同位素技术、荧光成像等先进手段，揭示了气孔导度、光合特性与水分利用效率之间的内在联系。研究发现，优化根系构型可显著提升作物吸水能力，而合理的氮磷配比施肥能有效促进叶片光合作用，进而提高水分利用效率。通过筛选耐旱基因型材料并构建其表达谱，明确了关键抗旱基因在水分高效利用中的作用机制。本研究创新性地提出了“源-库-流”协同调控理念，将地上部光合产物分配与地下部水分吸收有机结合，为作物水分高效利用提供了新思路。研究结果表明，综合运用品种选育、栽培管理及环境调控措施，可实现作物水分利用效率30%以上的提升，对保障粮食安全和可持续农业发展具有重要意义。

关键词：作物水分利用效率；干旱胁迫生理响应；根系构型优化

Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Efficient Water Use in Crops and Regulation Strategies

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of crop water is the key to coping with water shortage and improving agricultural productivity. Based on the principle of physiological ecology, this study systematically discussed the formation mechanism and regulation strategy of crop water use efficiency, aiming at providing theoretical basis and technical support for water-saving agriculture. Through the analysis of physiological responses of different crop species under drought stress, combined with advanced methods such as stable isotope technology and fluorescence imaging, the intrinsic relationship between stomatal conductance, photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency was revealed. It was found that optimizing root configuration could significantly improve the water absorption capacity of crops, and reasonable nitrogen and phosphorus ratio fertilization could effectively promote leaf photosynthesis, thereby improving water use efficiency. The mechanism of key drought resistance genes in water efficient use was clarified by screening drought tolerance genotypes and constructing their ex pression profiles. This study innovatively proposed the concept of "source-pool-flow" cooperative regulation, organically combined the distribution of photosynthetic products in the above-ground part with the water absorption in the subsurface part, and provided a new idea for the efficient use of crop water. The results showed that the comprehensive application of variety breeding, cultivation management and environmental regulation measures could achieve more than 30% increase in crop water use efficiency, which is of great significance for ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural development.

KEY WORDS：Crop Water Use Efficiency；Drought Stress Physiological Response；Root System Configuration Optimization

摘要 I

ABSTRACT II

第一章绪论 1

1.1 研究背景与意义 1

1.2 国内外研究现状 1

第二章作物水分高效利用的生理机制 2

2.1 水分吸收与运输特性 2

2.2 光合作用与蒸腾作用关系 2

2.3 抗旱基因表达调控 2

第三章作物水分高效利用的生态适应 4

3.1 土壤水分动态变化影响 4