摘 要
侵权责任法中的过错推定原则作为一项重要的归责原则，近年来在理论与实践中均受到广泛关注。本研究以过错推定原则为核心，结合国内外相关法律制度及司法实践，深入探讨其适用范围、构成要件及其在现代侵权责任体系中的定位。研究旨在通过系统分析过错推定原则的理论基础与实践应用，揭示其在平衡受害人权益保护与行为人利益之间的独特作用，并为我国侵权责任法的完善提供理论支持与实践建议。过错推定原则在减轻受害人举证责任、强化行为人注意义务方面具有显著优势，但其适用需遵循明确的边界条件，以避免对行为人造成不合理的负担。本研究的创新点在于首次提出过错推定原则的动态调整机制，即根据社会经济发展水平及特定领域的风险特征，灵活调整其适用范围与强度，从而实现更精准的权益保护。本研究不仅深化了对过错推定原则的理解，也为我国侵权责任法的进一步完善提供了有价值的参考。
关键词：过错推定原则 侵权责任法 受害人权益保护
Abstract
As an important imputation principle in tort liability law, the principle of presumption of fault has been widely concerned in theory and practice in recent years. This study takes the principle of presumption of fault as the core, combines the relevant legal system and judicial practice at home and abroad, and deeply discusses its scope of application, constituent elements and its positioning in the modern tort liability system. The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the theoretical basis and practical application of the principle of presumption of fault, reveal its unique role in balancing the protection of the rights and interests of the victim and the interests of the perpetrator, and provide theoretical support and practical suggestions for the improvement of tort liability law in China. The principle of presumption of fault has obvious advantages in reducing the victim's burden of proof and strengthening the doer's duty of care, but its application should follow clear boundary conditions to avoid unreasonable burden on the doer. The innovation of this study is that it proposes for the first time a dynamic adjustment mechanism of the principle of presumption of fault, that is, it flexibly adjusts its scope and intensity according to the level of social and economic development and the risk characteristics of specific fields, so as to achieve more accurate protection of rights and interests. This study not only deepens the understanding of the principle of presumption of fault, but also provides a valuable reference for the further improvement of tort liability law in our country.
Keyword:Fault Presumption Principle Tort Liability Law Victims' Rights Protection
目 录
引言 1
1过错推定原则的理论基础 1
1.1过错推定原则的概念界定 1
1.2过错推定与一般过错责任的区别 1
1.3过错推定原则的历史演进 2
1.4过错推定原则的法理价值 2
2过错推定原则在侵权责任法中的适用范围 3
2.1特殊侵权行为中的适用 3
2.2医疗损害责任中的体现 3
2.3环境污染责任中的应用 4
2.4高度危险责任中的作用 4
3过错推定原则的举证责任分配 4
3.1举证责任倒置的法律依据 4
3.2被告方的抗辩权分析 5
3.3举证责任分配的实践困境 5
3.4完善举证责任分配的建议 6
4过错推定原则的司法适用与完善路径 6
4.1司法实践中存在的问题 6
4.2典型案例的分析与启示 7
4.3国际经验的借鉴与启示 7
4.4推动制度完善的对策建议 7
结论 8
参考文献 9
致谢 10
