摘 要
随着工业化进程的加快，危险废物的产生量持续增长，其对生态环境和人类健康的潜在威胁日益凸显，因此研究高效、安全的危险废物处置技术成为全球关注的重要课题。本研究旨在探索并优化危险废物的安全处置技术，以降低环境风险并实现资源的最大化利用。研究采用实验室模拟与现场试验相结合的方法，综合运用热处理、化学稳定化及生物修复等多种技术手段，针对不同类型危险废物的特性进行系统分析与处置方案设计。通过对典型危险废物样本的理化性质检测及毒性评估，筛选出适用于高温焚烧、固化/稳定化以及微生物降解的最佳工艺参数，并结合生命周期评价方法对其环境影响进行量化分析。结果表明，优化后的热处理技术能够显著提高能量回收效率，同时减少二恶英等二次污染物的排放；化学稳定化技术在重金属类废物处置中表现出优异的固定效果，浸出浓度远低于国家标准限值；而生物修复技术则为有机污染物的无害化处理提供了经济可行的解决方案。本研究的创新点在于提出了一种基于废物特性的多技术协同处置模式，并开发了智能化监测与控制平台，实现了处置过程的动态优化与精准管理。研究成果为危险废物的安全处置提供了理论支持和技术保障，具有重要的实践意义和推广应用价值。
关键词：危险废物处置；热处理技术；化学稳定化；生物修复；生命周期评价
ABSTRACT
With the acceleration of industrialization, the generation of hazardous waste continues to grow, and its potential threat to ecosystems and human health has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, researching efficient and safe hazardous waste treatment technologies has emerged as a globally significant topic. This study aims to explore and optimize safe disposal technologies for hazardous waste to minimize environmental risks and maximize resource utilization. A combination of laboratory simulations and field trials was employed, integrating various techniques such as thermal treatment, chemical stabilization, and bioremediation to conduct systematic analyses and design disposal strategies tailored to the characteristics of different types of hazardous waste. Through physicochemical property testing and toxicity assessments of typical hazardous waste samples, optimal process parameters were identified for high-temperature incineration, solidification/stabilization, and microbial degradation. Using life cycle assessment methods, the environmental impacts were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that the optimized thermal treatment technology significantly enhances energy recovery efficiency while reducing emissions of secondary pollutants such as dioxins; the chemical stabilization technique demonstrates excellent fixation effects in the treatment of heavy me tal-containing waste, with leaching concentrations far below national standard limits; and the bioremediation approach provides an economically viable solution for the harmless treatment of organic pollutants. An innovative aspect of this study is the proposal of a multi-technology collaborative disposal model based on waste characteristics, along with the development of an intelligent monitoring and control platform that enables dynamic optimization and precise management of the disposal process. The research findings provide theoretical support and technical assurance for the safe disposal of hazardous waste, offering substantial practical significance and application value.
Keywords: Hazardous Waste Disposal; Thermal Treatment Technology; Chemical Stabilization; Bioremediation; Life Cycle Assessment
目 录
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT II
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 危险废物安全处置的研究背景 1
1.2 危险废物安全处置技术的意义 1
1.3 国内外研究现状分析 2
1.4 本文研究方法与技术路线 2
第2章 危险废物特性与分类研究 3
2.1 危险废物的定义与来源 3
2.2 危险废物的主要特性分析 3
2.3 危险废物的分类标准探讨 4
2.4 不同类别危险废物的风险评估 4
2.5 特性与分类对处置技术的影响 5
第3章 危险废物安全处置技术体系 6
3.1 处置技术的基本原则与目标 6
3.2 物理处置技术的研究与应用 6
3.3 化学处置技术的优化分析 7
3.4 生物处置技术的可行性探讨 7
3.5 综合处置技术的集成方案 8
第4章 危险废物处置过程中的环境管理 9
4.1 环境影响评价的关键要素 9
4.2 处置过程中的污染控制技术 9
4.3 监测与预警机制的构建 10
4.4 法规与政策对处置技术的指导作用 10
4.5 可持续发展的实践路径 11
结论 12
参考文献 13
致 谢 14
