摘 要
固体废弃物处理是实现可持续发展的重要环节，其技术选择直接影响环境、经济和社会效益。本研究以生命周期评价（LCA）为理论基础，系统分析了多种固体废弃物处理技术的环境影响和综合性能，旨在为决策者提供科学依据。研究选取典型废弃物处理技术，包括填埋、焚烧、堆肥及资源化回收等，构建了涵盖原材料获取、运输、处理过程及最终处置的全生命周期评价模型。通过量化温室气体排放、能源消耗、污染物释放等关键指标，评估各技术方案的环境负荷，并结合成本效益分析进行多维度对比。结果表明，不同技术在环境影响方面存在显著差异，其中资源化回收技术在减少碳足迹和提高资源利用率方面具有明显优势，而焚烧技术则在能量回收和体积减量化方面表现突出。此外，填埋技术尽管初期投资较低，但长期环境风险不容忽视。本研究创新性地引入动态情景分析方法，考虑废弃物组成变化和技术进步对评价结果的影响，进一步提升了结论的适用性和前瞻性。总体而言，基于生命周期视角的技术选择应综合考量区域特点、废弃物特性及发展目标，从而实现环境、经济与社会效益的最大化。该研究为固体废弃物管理提供了科学决策工具，对推动循环经济和生态文明建设具有重要意义。
关键词：固体废弃物处理；生命周期评价（LCA）；资源化回收；焚烧技术；环境影响评估
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management is a critical component of sustainable development, and the choice of technology directly affects environmental, economic, and social benefits. This study, grounded in life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, systematically evaluates the environmental impacts and overall performance of various solid waste treatment technologies to provide scientific support for decision-makers. Typical waste treatment technologies, including landfilling, incineration, composting, and resource recovery, were selected, and a comprehensive LCA model was constructed covering raw material acquisition, transportation, processing, and final disposal stages. Key indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and pollutant releases were quantified to assess the environmental burdens of each technology, complemented by cost-benefit analyses for multidimensional comparisons. The results indicate significant differences in environmental impacts among the technologies, with resource recovery demonstrating clear advantages in reducing carbon footprints and enhancing resource utilization efficiency, while incineration excels in energy recovery and volume reduction. Additionally, although landfilling involves lower initial investment, its long-term environmental risks cannot be overlooked. Innovatively, this study incorporates dynamic scenario analysis to account for variations in waste composition and technological advancements, thereby enhancing the applicability and foresight of the conclusions. Overall, technology selection from a life cycle perspective should integrate regional characteristics, waste properties, and developmental goals to maximize environmental, economic, and social benefits. This research provides a scientific decision-making tool for solid waste management, contributing significantly to the promotion of circular economy and ecological civilization construction.
Keywords: Solid Waste Management; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Resource Recovery; Incineration Technology; Environmental Impact Assessment
目 录
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT II
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 固体废弃物处理技术选择的背景与意义 1
1.2 生命周期评价在固体废弃物管理中的研究现状 1
1.3 本文研究方法与技术路线 2
第2章 生命周期评价理论与方法 3
2.1 生命周期评价的基本概念与框架 3
2.2 固体废弃物处理技术的生命周期阶段划分 3
2.3 生命周期环境影响评估指标体系构建 4
2.4 数据收集与模型建立的关键问题分析 4
2.5 生命周期评价方法的局限性与改进方向 5
第3章 固体废弃物处理技术的环境影响分析 7
3.1 不同处理技术的资源消耗特征对比 7
3.2 处理过程中的温室气体排放评估 7
3.3 污染物释放对生态系统的影响量化 8
3.4 技术选择中的能源效率与碳足迹权衡 8
3.5 环境影响分析结果的不确定性讨论 9
第4章 基于生命周期评价的技术选择策略 10
4.1 技术选择的多目标决策框架设计 10
4.2 生命周期成本与环境效益的综合考量 10
4.3 不同场景下技术适用性的评价标准 11
4.4 政策支持与社会因素对技术选择的影响 11
4.5 可持续发展目标导向下的技术优化建议 12
结论 13
参考文献 14
致 谢 15
