摘 要
土木工程结构健康监测对于保障结构安全和延长使用寿命具有重要意义，随着结构复杂度增加及服役环境恶化，传统传感器布置方式难以满足精准监测需求。为此，本文聚焦于土木工程结构健康监测中的传感器优化布置问题，旨在通过科学合理的布置方案提高监测精度与效率。基于有限元分析建立结构模型，结合遗传算法、粒子群算法等智能优化算法对传感器位置进行优化求解，同时考虑结构关键部位、应力集中区域等因素，构建多目标优化模型。研究结果表明，所提出的优化布置方法能够有效提升结构损伤识别率，在不同工况下均表现出良好的适应性和鲁棒性，相较于传统均匀布置方式，损伤检测准确率提高了约20% - 30%。该研究创新性地将智能优化算法引入传感器布置领域，为土木工程结构健康监测提供了新的思路和技术手段，有助于推动结构监测技术向智能化、精准化方向发展，对实际工程应用具有重要指导意义。
关键词：结构健康监测；传感器优化布置；智能优化算法；损伤识别率；有限元分析
Abstract
Structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures is crucial for ensuring structural safety and extending service life. As structural complexity increases and service environments deteriorate, traditional sensor placement methods struggle to meet the demands of precise monitoring. This study focuses on optimizing sensor placement in civil engineering structural health monitoring, aiming to enhance monitoring accuracy and efficiency through scientifically sound and rational placement strategies. A structural model is established based on finite element analysis, and intelligent optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are employed to optimize sensor locations. The multi-ob jective optimization model also considers critical structural components and stress concentration areas. Research findings indicate that the proposed optimization method significantly improves structural damage identification rates, demonstrating good adaptability and robustness under various conditions. Compared to traditional uniform placement methods, the accuracy of damage detection has increased by approximately 20% to 30%. This research innovatively integrates intelligent optimization algorithms into the field of sensor placement, providing new approaches and technical means for civil engineering structural health monitoring. It promotes the development of monitoring technologies towards智能化、精准化方向发展，对实际工程应用具有重要指导意义。
This research promotes the development of monitoring technologies towards智能化、精准化 direction, which translates to "intelligentization and precision." Therefore, the final sentence should read: "It promotes the development of monitoring technologies towards intelligentization and precision, offering significant guidance for practical engineering applications.")
Keywords：Structural Health Monitoring；Sensor Optimal Placement；Intelligent Optimization Algorithm；Damage Identification Rate；Finite Element Analysis
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
引 言 1
第一章 传感器布置的理论基础 2
1.1 结构健康监测概述 2
1.2 传感器技术发展现状 2
1.3 优化布置的基本原则 3
第二章 影响传感器布置的关键因素 5
2.1 结构类型与特性分析 5
2.2 环境条件的影响评估 5
2.3 监测目标的确定方法 6
第三章 传感器优化布置的方法研究 8
3.1 数学模型的构建思路 8
3.2 智能算法的应用探索 8
3.3 实验验证与结果分析 9
第四章 工程应用实例分析 10
4.1 典型工程案例介绍 10
4.2 布置方案的设计实施 10
4.3 应用效果的评价总结 11
结 论 12
参考文献 13
致 谢 14
