摘 要
糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病，其发病率逐年上升，严重威胁人类健康。现代医学虽有多种治疗手段，但存在副作用大、长期疗效不理想等问题。中药有效成分在糖尿病治疗方面展现出独特优势，本研究旨在探讨中药有效成分在糖尿病治疗中的应用及其作用机理。通过查阅大量文献资料并结合实验研究，筛选出具有降糖功效的中药有效成分，如黄芪甲苷、苦瓜素等。采用细胞实验与动物模型相结合的方法，从多角度探究这些成分对糖尿病的干预效果及机制。结果表明，黄芪甲苷可通过激活胰岛素信号通路，提高胰岛素敏感性；苦瓜素能促进葡萄糖转运蛋白向细胞膜转移，加速葡萄糖摄取。此外，部分中药有效成分还表现出调节肠道菌群结构、改善炎症状态等作用，从而间接影响血糖水平。本研究创新性地整合了多种中药有效成分的作用靶点，构建了较为系统的糖尿病治疗网络模型，为开发新型糖尿病药物提供了理论依据和实验基础，丰富了糖尿病的治疗方法，有望成为糖尿病治疗的新方向。
关键词：糖尿病治疗；中药有效成分；黄芪甲苷；苦瓜素；胰岛素信号通路
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemia, is a me tabolic disorder with an increasing incidence that poses a significant threat to human health. Although modern medicine offers various therapeutic approaches, these treatments are often associated with substantial side effects and suboptimal long-term efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active components have demonstrated unique advantages in diabetes management. This study aims to investigate the application and mechanisms of TCM active components in diabetes treatment. By reviewing extensive literature and conducting experimental studies, we identified antidiabetic components such as astragaloside IV and momordicine. Utilizing a combination of cellular experiments and animal models, we examined the intervention effects and mechanisms of these components on diabetes from multiple perspectives. The results indicate that astragaloside IV activates the insulin signaling pathway, enhancing insulin sensitivity, while momordicine promotes the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane, accelerating glucose uptake. Additionally, some TCM active components exhibit effects on modulating gut microbiota structure and improving inflammatory status, thereby indirectly influencing blood glucose levels. This study innovatively integrates the target points of multiple TCM active components, constructing a relatively systematic network model for diabetes treatment. It provides theoretical and experimental foundations for developing novel antidiabetic drugs, enriching diabetes treatment methods, and potentially representing a new direction in diabetes therapy.
Keywords：Diabetes Treatment；Chinese Herbal Active Ingredients；Astragaloside Iv；Momordica Charantin；Insulin Signaling Pathway
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
引 言 1
第一章 糖尿病与中药有效成分概述 2
1.1 糖尿病的发病机制 2
1.2 中药治疗糖尿病的历史 2
1.3 中药有效成分的分类 3
第二章 中药有效成分的降糖作用 4
2.1 降糖活性成分筛选 4
2.2 主要降糖成分分析 4
2.3 降糖作用的临床验证 5
第三章 中药有效成分的作用机理 6
3.1 对胰岛素分泌的影响 6
3.2 对糖代谢酶的调节 6
3.3 对炎症反应的抑制 7
第四章 中药有效成分的应用前景 8
4.1 新型药物研发方向 8
4.2 中西医结合治疗策略 8
4.3 应用中的安全性考量 9
结 论 10
参考文献 11
致 谢 12
