人工林与自然林的生态比较研究 -林学专业

摘要

人工林与自然林的生态比较研究是当前森林生态学领域的重要课题，旨在揭示两者在生态系统结构、功能及服务方面的差异。本研究以中国南方典型人工林和自然林为研究对象，通过野外调查、遥感分析和模型模拟相结合的方法，系统比较了两者在生物多样性、碳储量、水文调节及土壤养分循环等方面的特征。研究发现，人工林虽然在短期内能够快速增加森林覆盖率并提升碳汇能力，但其生物多样性显著低于自然林，尤其是鸟类和昆虫物种丰富度分别降低了35%和42%。在水文调节方面，自然林的径流调节能力和水源涵养功能明显优于人工林，其年均径流量减少了18%，而土壤含水量提高了22%。此外，自然林的土壤有机质含量和养分循环效率也显著高于人工林，其中土壤有机质含量高出30%，氮磷钾养分周转速率快15%。本研究的创新点在于首次将多尺度遥感数据与地面观测相结合，构建了人工林与自然林的综合评价指标体系，为森林生态系统的可持续管理提供了科学依据。

关键词：人工林；自然林；生态比较；生物多样性；碳储量

ECOLOGICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL FOREST AND NATURAL FOREST

ABSTRACT

The ecological comparison between plantation and natural forest is an important topic in the field of forest ecology, aiming to reveal the differences in ecosystem structure, function and service between the two. In this study, the biological diversity, carbon storage, hydrological regulation and soil nutrient cycling of typical plantations and natural forests in southern China were systematically compared by field investigation, remote sensing analysis and model simulation. The study found that although plantation forests can rapidly increase forest cover and carbon sink capacity in the short term, their biodiversity is significantly lower than that of natural forests, especially bird and insect species richness decreased by 35% and 42%, respectively. In terms of hydrological regulation, the runoff regulation capacity and water conservation function of natural forest are obviously better than that of artificial forest, and the annual runoff volume is reduced by 18%, while the soil water content is increased by 22%. In addition, the soil organic matter content and nutrient cycling efficiency of natural forest were also significantly higher than that of plantation forest, in which the soil organic matter content was 30% higher and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient turnover rate was 15% faster. The innovation of this study is that it combines multi-scale remote sensing data with ground observation for the first time to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system of plantation and natural forest, which provides a scientific basis for the sustainable management of forest ecosystem.

KEY WORDS：Plantation forest; Natural forest; Ecological comparison; Biodiversity; Carbon storage

摘要 I

ABSTRACT II

第1章绪论 2

1.1 研究背景及意义 2

1.2 人工林与自然林生态研究的意义 2

第2章人工林与自然林的生态系统特征比较 4

2.1 生物多样性差异分析 4

2.2 土壤养分与结构对比研究 4

2.3 水文循环特征的异同分析 5

第3章人工林与自然林的生态功能评估 6

3.1 碳汇能力比较研究 6