摘 要
《活着》作为余华的一部杰出作品，通过对主人公福贵及其家庭在动荡年代中经历的生存困境与人生苦难的深入描绘，展现了一幅充满血泪与希望的人生画卷。本文旨在深度剖析这些困境与苦难，探讨其背后的社会、历史及人性因素，并揭示其深远的文学意义。在《活着》中，福贵一家的命运波折多变，从最初的富贵到后来的贫穷，再到亲人相继离世的沉重打击，他们不断在生活的边缘挣扎求存。这些生存困境不仅仅是物质上的匮乏和生活中的艰难，更是对人性、亲情和生命意义的深刻考验。余华通过细腻的笔触，展现了福贵在面对苦难时的坚韧与乐观，以及他对生命的珍视和尊重。同时，小说也反映了当时社会的动荡不安和人民的苦难，引发读者对历史和现实的深刻反思。在深度剖析生存困境与人生苦难的过程中，本文探讨了这些困境与苦难背后的社会、历史及人性因素。首先，社会的动荡不安和历史的变迁是导致福贵一家命运多舛的重要原因。其次，人性的复杂性和脆弱性也在小说中得到了充分的体现。在面对困境时，人们可能会展现出坚韧、乐观、自私、冷漠等多种面貌，这些不同的选择背后都隐藏着复杂的人性因素。
关键词：《活着》；生存困境；人生苦难
Abstract
As an outstanding work of Yu Hua, "To Live" shows a picture of life full of blood and hope through the in-depth desc ription of the hero Fugui and his family in the turbulent times. This paper aims to deeply analyze these dilemmas and sufferings, explore the social, historical and human factors behind them, and reveal their far-reaching literary significance. In "alive", the fate of the Fugui family twists and turns, from the initial wealth to the later poverty, and then to the heavy blow of the death of relatives, they constantly struggle to survive on the edge of life. These survival difficulties are not only material scarcity and difficulties in life, but also a profound test of human nature, family affection and the meaning of life. Through delicate brushwork, Yu Hua shows Fugui's tenacity and optimism in the face of suffering, as well as his value and respect for life. At the same time, the novel also reflects the unrest of the society and the suffering of the people at that time, triggering readers to deeply reflect on the history and reality. In the process of deep analysis of survival difficulties and life suffering, this paper discusses the social, historical and human factors behind these difficulties and suffering. First of all, the social unrest and the changes of history are the important reasons for the fate of the Fugui family. Secondly, the complexity and vulnerability of human nature are also fully reflected in the novel. In the face of difficulties, people may show tenacity, optimism, selfishness, indifference and other faces, these different choices are hidden behind the complex human factors.
Keywords: "To live; survival difficulties; life suffering
目录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 研究背景及意义 1
1.2 研究目的和内容 1
1.3 国内外研究现状 2
第2章 《活着》中生存困境的概述 3
2.1 《活着》的时代背景 3
2.2 《活着》中生存困境的具体表现 3
2.2.1 家业败落 3
2.2.2 社会动荡 4
2.3 《活着》中生存困境的心理变化 4
2.3.1 从傲慢到坚韧 4
2.3.2 从放纵到自省 4
第3章 《活着》中人生苦难的深层剖析 6
3.1 家庭变故与失去亲人的苦难 6
3.2 社会动荡与战争的苦难 6
3.3 生存困境与生活的苦难 7
第4章 《活着》中生存困境与人生苦难的交织 8
4.1 困境与苦难的相互作用 8
4.2 困境与苦难中的抉择与牺牲 8
4.3 困境与苦难中的成长与觉醒 9
4.4 困境与苦难中的意义寻求 9
第5章 《活着》中生存困境与人生苦难的文学意义 10
5.1 揭示人性的复杂与深刻 10
5.2 引发对生命意义的思考 10
5.3 反映社会历史变迁 10
5.4 传递积极的人生态度 11
结 论 12
参考文献 13
