摘 要
伺服控制系统作为现代高精度机床的核心技术之一，其性能直接影响机床的加工精度与效率。随着智能制造和工业4.0的快速发展，对机床的动态响应、定位精度及稳定性提出了更高要求。本研究旨在探讨伺服控制系统在高精度机床中的应用，通过优化控制算法和改进系统结构，提升机床的整体性能。研究采用理论分析与实验验证相结合的方法，首先基于数学建模对伺服系统的动态特性进行深入分析，随后引入自适应控制策略以应对复杂工况下的非线性扰动问题。此外，结合模糊逻辑控制与PID控制的优点，设计了一种新型复合控制器，显著提高了系统的抗干扰能力和稳态精度。实验结果表明，所提出的控制方法能够有效降低跟踪误差，提高位置分辨率，并在高速切削条件下保持良好的动态响应特性。研究结论显示，优化后的伺服控制系统不仅满足了高精度机床对微米级甚至亚微米级加工的要求，还为复杂曲面加工提供了可靠的解决方案。本研究的主要创新点在于提出了一种融合智能控制算法的伺服系统架构，突破了传统PID控制在高精度场景中的局限性，为未来高性能数控机床的发展提供了理论支持和技术参考。
关键词：伺服控制系统；高精度机床；自适应控制
Abstract: As one of the core technologies in modern high-precision machine tools, the performance of servo control systems directly affects the machining accuracy and efficiency of machine tools. With the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing and Industry 4.0, higher requirements have been placed on the dynamic response, positioning accuracy, and stability of machine tools. This study focuses on the application of servo control systems in high-precision machine tools, aiming to enhance the overall performance of machine tools through the optimization of control algorithms and the improvement of system structures. A combination of theoretical analysis and experimental validation was employed in this research. Initially, an in-depth analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the servo system was conducted based on mathematical modeling, followed by the introduction of an adaptive control strategy to address nonlinear disturbance issues under complex operating conditions. Furthermore, by integrating the advantages of fuzzy logic control and PID control, a novel hybrid controller was designed, which significantly improved the system's disturbance rejection capability and steady-state accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control method effectively reduces tracking errors, enhances position resolution, and maintains favorable dynamic response characteristics under high-speed cutting conditions. The conclusions indicate that the optimized servo control system not only meets the requirements for micrometer-level and even sub-micrometer-level machining in high-precision machine tools but also provides a reliable solution for complex surface machining. The primary innovation of this study lies in the proposal of a servo system architecture that incorporates intelligent control algorithms, overcoming the limitations of traditional PID control in high-precision scenarios and providing theoretical support and technical references for the future development of high-performance CNC machine tools.
Keywords: Servo Control System; High-Precision Machine Tool; Adaptive Control
目 录
1绪论 1
1.1伺服控制系统与高精度机床的发展背景 1
1.2研究伺服控制系统在高精度机床中的意义 1
1.3国内外研究现状分析 1
1.4本文研究方法与技术路线 2
2伺服控制系统的原理与关键技术 2
2.1伺服控制系统的基本构成 2
2.2高精度机床对伺服控制的要求 3
2.3关键技术分析：反馈与补偿机制 3
2.4控制算法在伺服系统中的应用 4
2.5技术难点与优化方向 5
3伺服控制系统在高精度机床中的应用实践 5
3.1应用场景与需求分析 5
3.2伺服控制系统在定位精度中的表现 6
3.3动态响应特性对加工质量的影响 6
3.4实际案例分析：典型高精度机床的应用 7
3.5应用中常见问题及解决方案 7
4伺服控制系统性能优化与未来展望 7
4.1性能优化的关键指标分析 8
4.2新型控制策略的探索与验证 8
4.3智能化技术在伺服控制中的融合 8
4.4提升伺服系统可靠性的措施 9
4.5未来发展趋势与潜在研究方向 9
结论 11
参考文献 12
致 谢 13
