摘要
机械加工作为现代制造业的核心环节，其加工精度直接影响产品的性能与质量。随着工业技术的快速发展，对加工精度的要求日益提高，因此深入研究影响加工精度的因素及其控制方法具有重要意义。本研究旨在系统分析机械加工过程中各类因素对加工精度的影响，并提出针对性的优化控制策略。通过理论分析、实验验证和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了机床误差、刀具磨损、热变形、材料特性以及环境因素对加工精度的作用机制。结果表明，机床几何误差和热变形是主要误差来源，而刀具磨损则在长时间加工中显著降低精度。此外，环境振动和材料内部应力释放也会引入不可忽视的误差。基于上述发现，本文提出了集成误差补偿、动态监控与主动控制的综合精度管理方案，有效提升了加工稳定性与一致性。本研究的创新点在于将多因素耦合效应纳入分析框架，并开发了一种基于实时数据反馈的自适应控制算法，为高精度机械加工提供了理论支持和技术参考，对推动智能制造技术发展具有重要贡献。
关键词：加工精度；机床误差；热变形；刀具磨损；自适应控制算法
Abstract
Mechanical machining, as a core component of modern manufacturing, directly influences product performance and quality through its processing accuracy. With the rapid advancement of industrial technology, the demand for higher processing accuracy has increased significantly, making it crucial to investigate the factors affecting machining accuracy and their control methods. This study aims to systematically analyze the impact of various factors on machining accuracy during the mechanical processing and propose targeted optimization and control strategies. By integrating theoretical analysis, experimental validation, and numerical simulation, this research examines the mechanisms by which machine tool errors, tool wear, thermal deformation, material properties, and environmental factors influence machining accuracy. The findings indicate that machine tool geometric errors and thermal deformation are primary sources of error, while tool wear notably reduces accuracy over extended machining periods. Additionally, environmental vibrations and the release of internal material stresses introduce significant errors. Based on these insights, an integrated precision management approach incorporating error compensation, dynamic monitoring, and active control is proposed, effectively enhancing machining stability and consistency. The novelty of this study lies in incorporating multi-factor coupling effects into the analytical fr amework and developing a real-time data feedback-based adaptive control algorithm, providing theoretical support and technical references for high-precision mechanical machining and contributing significantly to the advancement of intelligent manufacturing technologies.
Keywords：Processing Accuracy; Machine Tool Error; Thermal Deformation; Tool Wear; Adaptive Control Algorithm
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 机械加工精度研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状分析 1
(三) 本文研究方法与技术路线 1
二、加工精度影响因素分析 2
(一) 材料特性对加工精度的影响 2
(二) 刀具磨损与几何参数的作用 3
(三) 机床误差及其传播机制 4
三、加工过程中的误差控制策略 4
(一) 热变形误差的监测与补偿 4
(二) 振动对加工精度的影响及抑制方法 5
(三) 工艺系统刚度优化设计 5
四、精度提升的技术手段与应用 6
(一) 数控技术在精度控制中的应用 6
(二) 在线检测与反馈控制系统 7
(三) 先进制造工艺对精度的贡献 7
结 论 9
参考文献 10
机械加工作为现代制造业的核心环节，其加工精度直接影响产品的性能与质量。随着工业技术的快速发展，对加工精度的要求日益提高，因此深入研究影响加工精度的因素及其控制方法具有重要意义。本研究旨在系统分析机械加工过程中各类因素对加工精度的影响，并提出针对性的优化控制策略。通过理论分析、实验验证和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了机床误差、刀具磨损、热变形、材料特性以及环境因素对加工精度的作用机制。结果表明，机床几何误差和热变形是主要误差来源，而刀具磨损则在长时间加工中显著降低精度。此外，环境振动和材料内部应力释放也会引入不可忽视的误差。基于上述发现，本文提出了集成误差补偿、动态监控与主动控制的综合精度管理方案，有效提升了加工稳定性与一致性。本研究的创新点在于将多因素耦合效应纳入分析框架，并开发了一种基于实时数据反馈的自适应控制算法，为高精度机械加工提供了理论支持和技术参考，对推动智能制造技术发展具有重要贡献。
关键词：加工精度；机床误差；热变形；刀具磨损；自适应控制算法
Abstract
Mechanical machining, as a core component of modern manufacturing, directly influences product performance and quality through its processing accuracy. With the rapid advancement of industrial technology, the demand for higher processing accuracy has increased significantly, making it crucial to investigate the factors affecting machining accuracy and their control methods. This study aims to systematically analyze the impact of various factors on machining accuracy during the mechanical processing and propose targeted optimization and control strategies. By integrating theoretical analysis, experimental validation, and numerical simulation, this research examines the mechanisms by which machine tool errors, tool wear, thermal deformation, material properties, and environmental factors influence machining accuracy. The findings indicate that machine tool geometric errors and thermal deformation are primary sources of error, while tool wear notably reduces accuracy over extended machining periods. Additionally, environmental vibrations and the release of internal material stresses introduce significant errors. Based on these insights, an integrated precision management approach incorporating error compensation, dynamic monitoring, and active control is proposed, effectively enhancing machining stability and consistency. The novelty of this study lies in incorporating multi-factor coupling effects into the analytical fr amework and developing a real-time data feedback-based adaptive control algorithm, providing theoretical support and technical references for high-precision mechanical machining and contributing significantly to the advancement of intelligent manufacturing technologies.
Keywords：Processing Accuracy; Machine Tool Error; Thermal Deformation; Tool Wear; Adaptive Control Algorithm
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 机械加工精度研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状分析 1
(三) 本文研究方法与技术路线 1
二、加工精度影响因素分析 2
(一) 材料特性对加工精度的影响 2
(二) 刀具磨损与几何参数的作用 3
(三) 机床误差及其传播机制 4
三、加工过程中的误差控制策略 4
(一) 热变形误差的监测与补偿 4
(二) 振动对加工精度的影响及抑制方法 5
(三) 工艺系统刚度优化设计 5
四、精度提升的技术手段与应用 6
(一) 数控技术在精度控制中的应用 6
(二) 在线检测与反馈控制系统 7
(三) 先进制造工艺对精度的贡献 7
结 论 9
参考文献 10
