机械设计中的人机工程学问题及优化策略

摘  要

在快速发展的工业化和自动化时代，机械设备作为生产生活中的重要组成部分，其设计理念和方法的进步直接关系到生产效率、操作安全性以及用户的使用体验。然而，传统的机械设计往往侧重于功能实现和技术参数的优化，而忽视了人与机器之间的交互关系。这种忽视导致了许多机械设备在操作界面、控制元件布局、信息显示、人体工效学适配性等方面存在不足，给用户带来了操作困难、身体不适甚至安全隐患。人机工程学作为一门研究人与机器之间相互关系的学科，为解决上述问题提供了理论和方法。由此，本研究针对机械设计中存在的人机工程学问题进行了深入探讨。首先，分析了传统机械设计在人机交互方面的不足，如操作界面不合理、控制元件布局不当、信息显示不清晰等。然后，从人体工效学适配性、设备尺寸与人体尺寸的匹配性、操作力量要求以及安全性能等多个方面，对机械设计中的人机工程学问题进行了全面梳理。在此基础上，提出了相应的优化策略，包括优化操作界面设计、合理布局控制元件、提高信息显示质量、增强人体工效学适配性等。最后，通过实例分析验证了所提优化策略的有效性和可行性。本研究不仅为机械工程师提供了一套系统的人机工程学设计方法和指导原则，也为推动机械设计理念和方法的进步做出了贡献。

关键词：人机工程学 机械设计 人机交互

Abstract

In the era of rapid industrialization and automation, as an important part of production and life, the progress of its design concept and method is directly related to production efficiency, operation safety and user experience. However, the traditional mechanical design often focuses on the functional implementation and the optimization of technical parameters, while ignoring the interaction between human and machine. This neglect leads to the deficiencies of many mechanical equipment in the operation interface, control element layout, information display, human ergonomic adaptation and other aspects, which brings operation difficulties, physical discomfort and even safety risks to users. Ergonomics, as a discipline studying the interrelationship between man and machine, provides theories and methods for solving the above problems. Therefore, this study explores the ergonomic problems in mechanical design. Firstly, it analyzes the shortcomings of traditional mechanical design in human-computer interaction, such as unreasonable operation interface, improper layout of control components, and unclear information display. Then, the ergonomic problems in mechanical design are comprehensively sorted out from the aspects of human ergonomic adaptation, equipment size and human body size, operation force requirements and safety performance. On this basis, the corresponding optimization strategies are proposed, including the optimization of operation interface design, rational layout of control components, improving the quality of information display, and enhancing the adaptation of human ergonomics. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed optimization strategy are verified by example analysis. This study not only provides mechanical engineers with a set of systematic ergonomic design methods and guiding principles, but also contributes to promoting the advancement of mechanical design concepts and methods.

Keywords: Ergonomics  Mechanical design  Human-computer interaction