民事侵权中的举证责任分配问题 -法学专业

摘要

民事侵权中的举证责任分配问题一直是法学理论与司法实践中的重要议题，随着社会经济的发展和法治建设的推进，传统举证责任分配原则面临新的挑战。本文旨在探讨我国民事侵权领域中举证责任分配的现状、问题及完善路径，通过分析国内外相关立法例、司法解释以及典型案例，结合证据法基本原理，深入研究了“谁主张谁举证”原则在不同类型侵权案件中的适用困境。研究发现，在特殊侵权类型中，现行法律规定存在模糊地带，导致司法实践中法官自由裁量权过大，影响裁判结果的统一性。为此，本文提出构建以过错推定为基础，兼顾公平正义价值取向的举证责任倒置机制，并建议引入专家辅助人制度以解决专业性较强的侵权纠纷。该研究不仅为完善我国民事诉讼证据规则提供了理论支持，也为司法实务部门处理复杂侵权案件提供了可操作性的参考方案，有助于实现当事人之间实质平等，促进司法公正高效。

关键词：民事侵权；举证责任分配；过错推定；举证责任倒置；专家辅助人制度

Abstract

The allocation of burden of proof in civil torts has always been a significant issue in both legal theory and judicial practice. As socioeconomic development progresses and the rule of law advances, traditional principles of burden of proof allocation face new challenges. This study examines the current status, problems, and improvement paths of burden of proof allocation in China’s civil tort field. By analyzing relevant domestic and international legislation, judicial interpretations, and landmark cases, and integrating fundamental principles of evidence law, this research delves into the application dilemmas of the principle "he who asserts must prove" in different types of tort cases. The findings indicate that in special tort categories, existing legal provisions contain ambiguous areas, leading to excessive judicial discretion in practice, which affects the consistency of adjudication outcomes. To address this, this paper proposes establishing a mechanism for reversing the burden of proof based on presumed fault while balancing the value orientation of fairness and justice. Additionally, it recommends introducing an expert assistant system to resolve tort disputes with high professional complexity. This research not only provides theoretical support for improving China’s civil litigation evidence rules but also offers operational reference solutions for judicial authorities handling complex tort cases, thereby promoting substantial equality among parties and advancing judicial fairness and efficiency.

Keywords：Civil Tort；Burden Of Proof Allocation；Presumption Of Fault；Reversal Of Burden Of Proof；Expert Assistant System

引言 1

第一章举证责任分配的基本理论 2

1.1 举证责任的概念与内涵 2

1.2 举证责任分配的原则 2

1.3 举证责任倒置的情形 3

第二章民事侵权中举证责任的主体 5

2.1 原告的举证责任 5

2.2 被告的举证责任 5

2.3 第三人的举证责任 6

第三章举证责任分配的具体规则 8

3.1 一般侵权行为的举证规则 8