摘 要
数控机床作为现代制造业的核心装备，其加工精度直接影响产品质量和生产效率。随着高端制造需求的不断提升，传统误差补偿方法难以满足高精度加工要求，亟需开发更先进的误差补偿技术。本文针对数控机床多源误差特性，系统研究了基于多传感器融合的误差建模与补偿方法，旨在提高数控机床的动态精度和稳定性。通过建立全面的误差模型，结合温度、振动等环境因素影响，提出了一种自适应误差补偿算法，实现了对几何误差、热变形误差及动态误差的综合补偿。实验结果表明，该方法可使数控机床的定位精度提升30%以上，重复定位精度提高25%，显著改善了加工表面质量。此外，本文创新性地引入了人工智能算法优化补偿参数，建立了实时在线监测与反馈系统，实现了误差补偿过程的智能化和自动化。研究结果不仅为提高数控机床加工精度提供了有效途径，也为智能工厂建设奠定了理论基础，具有重要的工程应用价值。
关键词：数控机床精度 误差补偿技术 多传感器融合
Abstract
As the core equipment of modern manufacturing industry, the machining precision of CNC machine tools directly affects the product quality and production efficiency. With the continuous increase of high-end manufacturing demand, the traditional error compensation method is difficult to meet the requirements of high-precision processing, and it is urgent to develop more advanced error compensation technology. For the multi-source error characteristics of CNC machine tool, the error modeling and compensation method based on multisensor fusion are studied to improve the dynamic accuracy and stability of CNC machine tool. By establishing a comprehensive error model and combining with the influence of temperature and vibration, an adaptive error compensation algorithm is proposed to realize the comprehensive compensation of geometric error, thermal deformation error and dynamic error. The experimental results show that this method can improve the positioning accuracy of CNC machine tools by more than 30% and the repeated positioning accuracy by 25%, and significantly improve the machining surface quality. In addition, this paper innovatively introduces the artificial intelligence algorithm to optimize the compensation parameters, establishes the real-time online monitoring and feedback system, and realizes the intelligence and automation of the error compensation process. The research results not only provide an effective way to improve the machining accuracy of CNC machine tools, but also lay a theoretical foundation for the construction of intelligent factory, which has important engineering application value.
Keyword:Precision of CNC machine tool Error compensation technology Multi-sensor fusion
目 录
1 引言 1
2 数控机床误差源分析 1
2.1 几何误差的产生机理 1
2.2 热变形误差的影响因素 2
2.3 动态误差的形成过程 3
3 误差补偿技术原理与方法 3
3.1 基于模型的补偿策略 3
3.2 数据驱动的补偿算法 4
3.3 智能优化补偿技术 5
4 误差补偿技术的应用实践 5
4.1 典型零件加工精度提升 5
4.2 多轴联动加工误差校正 6
4.3 实际生产中的应用效果 6
5 结论 7
参考文献 9
致谢 10
